== Vannevar Bush ==

Bush, Vannevar. (1945) "[http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush As We May Think]." Atlantic Monthly, July.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memex Memex]
** '''Links''' among research material
* Analog computer

== Norbert Wiener ==

=== Cybernetics: Control and communication ===

* Assistive technologies, man-machine systems
* Autonomous, adaptive technologies
** Self-regulating weapons systems
** Automatic aiming and firing of anti-aircraft guns
** [http://www.olive-drab.com/idphoto/id_photos_75mm_aaa.php 75mm Skysweeper]
** Self-organizing drone fighters
* Incorporated in the development of systems, neural networks, A.I., cognitive science
** Interdisciplinary

=== Ethics of cybernetics ===

Wiener, Norbert. (1947) "A scientist rebels." Atlantic Monthly, 179, 46.

Wiener, Norbert. (1950) The human use of human beings: Cybernetics and society. Doubleday Books.

Conway, Flo & Siegelman, Jim. (2004) Dark hero of the information age: In search of Norbert Wiener, the Father of Cybernetics. Basic Books.
 
http://books.google.com/books?id=gwaDvnqU6yYC&lpg=RA1-PA237&ots=kYcx_1jcRx&dq=%22A%20Scientist%20Rebels%22%20wiener&pg=RA1-PA237#v=onepage&q=%22A%20Scientist%20Rebels%22%20wiener&f=false

"In October 1945, two months after the Second World War ended, Wiener vowed to remove himself and his knowledge from any connection to the next war - even if that mean quitting mathematics and science altogether." (Conway 238)

"Wiener's new policy of scientific non-cooperation was endorsed by Einstein at Princeton. "I greatly admire adn approve the attitude of Professor Wiener," Einstein told the press, adding, "I believe that a similar attitude on the part of all the prominent scientists in this country would contribute much toward solving the urgent problem of national security."

* [http://www.jstor.org/pss/688755 Examples of Wiener's letters rejecting requests for his papers by military researchers.]

== Claude Shannon ==

=== Binary theory ===

Claude Shannon, "[http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/11173/34541425.pdf?sequence=1 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]," unpublished MS Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Aug. 10, 1937.
* Most influential Master's thesis ever

=== Information theory ===

* Applied mathematical theory of communication, 1948
* Signal, noise
** Related to challenges faced by Wiener of communication in cybernetic engineering 
* Redundancy

== Licklider at the edges of military spending ==

* 1962, head of Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA

=== Man-computer symbiosis ===

"Men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking." (Licklider 1960)

* Licklider, J.C.R., "[http://groups.csail.mit.edu/medg/people/psz/Licklider.html Man-Computer Symbiosis]", IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, vol. HFE-1, 4-11, Mar 1960.
* 

== Real-time personal computing ==

=== Douglas Engelbart ===

http://www.dougengelbart.org/images/pix/img0007.jpg
http://www.dougengelbart.org/images/pix/wke.jpg

Engelbart, D.C., "[http://1962paper.org/ Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework]", Summary Report AFOSR-3233, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, Oct 1962. 

* Augmentation Research Center (ARC), Standford Research Institute (SRI)
* oN-Line System
** [http://www.1968demo.org/ Video of 1968 demo]
* Real-time computing, implementation of the '''feedback loop'''

=== Ivan Sutherland ===

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketchpad Sketchpad], 1963
* PhD thesis: [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-574.pdf Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System]
* First program to implement a GUI
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USyoT_Ha_bA&fmt=18 Lincoln Lab Sketchpad Demo], 0:46 - 

== Complex adaptive systems in the wild ==

=== Google spider, web crawler ===

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_web_crawling Distributed web crawling]

Brin, S. and Page, L. (1998). [http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine.] Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 30(1-7):107-117.

Ignoring the full-text parsing, and focusing just on the URLs,
* Recursive indexing of hyperlinks
* Result of relationships is a semantic model that reveals patterns, clusters, resource niches